Cvd risk中文

Inflammation plays a significant role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are at increased risk of CVD, but it is debated whether this association is causal or dependent on shared risk factors, other exposures, genes, and/or inflammatory pathways. The current review summarizes epidemiological, clinical, and experimental data supporting the role of shared inflammatory mechanisms between atherosclerotic CVD and rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and periodontitis, respectively, and provides insights to future prospects in this area of research. Awareness of the role of inflammation in CVD in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and the potential for anti-inflammatory therapy, e.g., with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, to also reduce atherosclerotic CVD has evolved into guideline- based recommendations. These include regular CVD risk assessment, aggressive treatment of traditional CVD risk factors, and recognition of reduced CVD as an added benefit of strict inflammatory disease control. At present, chronic inflammatory diseases would appear to qualify as partners in crime and not merely innocent bystanders to CVD. However, definite incremental contributions of inflammation versus effects of the complex interplay with other CVD risk factors may never be fully elucidated and for the foreseeable future, inflammation is posed to maintain its current position as both a marker and a maker of CVD, with clinical utility both for identification of patient at risk of CVD and as target for therapy to reduce CVD.

High HDL levels are associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease while low levels result in increased risks.

心血管疾病的患病风险减少与高 密度脂蛋白水平高有关，而高密度脂蛋白水平低则会增加心血管疾 病 的患 病风险。

For example, red foods contain lycopene, the pigment in tomatoes, which is localized in the prostate gland and may be

involved in maintaining prostate health, and which has also been linked

herbalifenutritioninstitute.com

舉例來說，紅色的食物中含有茄紅 素，人體吸收後會集中在攝護腺，可以幫助攝護腺的健康，也有助降 低心血 管疾病 的風險。

herbalifenutritioninstitute.com

Vitamin B6 is medically proven

In adults, lead is linked to increased blood pressure,

reproductive problems, anaemia and reduced renal functions.

在成人方面，铅与 血压增高、高血压、罹患心血管疾 病的 风险 增加 相关 ，也与生殖问题、贫血、肾 功能下降相关。

Elevated levels of triglycerides are also associated

甘油三酯的水平升高可能会增加 心血管疾 病 的患 病风 险。

It can have several adverse effects on

the central nervous system in

problems, miscarriages, respiratory failure, and even death.

它可对成年人中央神经系统产生多种不良 影响，增加心血管疾病的风险，导致 肾脏 问题、流产、呼吸衰竭、甚至死亡。

Across all countries surveyed, smokers are more aware of the risks of lung cancer than they

world-heart-federation.org

在所有被调查的国家中，吸烟者对吸烟导致肺癌的认识均比吸烟导 致心血 管 疾 病的 认识 水平高。

world-heart-federation.org

[...] greatly reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, and research [...]

demonstrates that even brief counselling

by a health professional can motivate smokers to quit.

world-heart-federation.org

戒烟可以大大降低心血 管疾病的风险， 研 究发 现即使医生只提供简短戒烟咨询也可以增强 吸烟者的戒烟动机。

world-heart-federation.org

Stress Management and Meditation: Research suggests that stress and anxiety

likely have an impact in triggering multiple autoimmune diseases as well

研究表明紧张和焦虑可能引发人体免疫性疾病，增加 心血管疾 病的 患病 风 险。

Research findings indicate that the consumption of trans fat

研究顯示，攝取反式脂肪會增加患上 心 血 管 系統疾 病的 風險。

The only clear evidence for an excess risk of fatal cardiovascular disease associated with radiation exposure, at doses [...] [...]

1 to 2 Gy, comes from the data on the atomic bombing survivors.

对心脏的辐射剂量低于 1–2 Gy 左右时， 证实辐照对致命心血管疾病超常诱发 风 险 的唯 一清 楚的证据来自于原子弹爆炸 幸存者相关数据。

[...] associated with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and death

激素水平与糖尿病、心血管疾病、乳 腺癌和 死 亡 风 险的 增 加有关

In fact, many risk factors of cardiovascular diseases can be avoided [...]

or reduced. They include social factors, such as smoking,

insufficient exercise and being under constant pressure, and health factors, such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes.

事實上，很多心血管疾病的危險因素 是可 以預 防或改善的， 例如吸煙、運動不足和長期受壓等生活因素，以及肥胖、高血壓、 高血脂和糖尿病等健康因素。

Women also have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease during their reproductive years and, although this female advantage decreases with advancing age, women still experience lower [...]

mortality risks than men at advanced ages.10 22.

9 在成年时期，吸烟、饮用酒精或进行 冒险 等行为因素 加上女性性激素的保护作用等生物因素，促使女性的死亡率低于男 性。妇女在生育年龄期内患心血管疾 病 的 风险 较低 ，虽然女性的这一优势随着年 龄增长而减少，但妇女在老龄时的死亡率仍低于男子。

When you have a personal or family history of heart disease and/or hyperlipidemia and

to help monitor treatment

for hyperlipidemia or to help diagnose a rare Apo B deficiency

当您有心脏疾病和/或高脂血症个人史或家族史时，当您的医生正试图评估您患 心 血 管 疾病的 危 险 性 时 ；有 时用 于监测高 脂血症 治疗 或帮助诊断少见的载脂蛋白B缺乏。

MR ALBERT CHENG (in Cantonese): It has been reported that since

artificial trans fats will

substance in food production

will be banned in restaurants in New York City (NYC) of the United States from July this year.

鄭經翰議員： 據報，鑒於人造反式脂肪會增加患上 心血 管疾病的風險， 美國紐約市將於今年 7 月起禁止食肆使用該物質製造食物。

This includes diabetics greater than 40 years of age

cholesterol levels, or protein in the urine).

其中包括年龄超过40岁的糖尿病 患者或具 有 额外 风险因 素 的 糖尿 病患 者。

The main adverse effects in human after

长期摄入无机砷对人体健康造成的不良影 响主要包括癌症、皮肤病患、 心血管系统 疾病 、神经系统中毒和糖尿 病。

[...] increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease, primarily heart [...]

糖尿病增加了心脏病和中风的危险。 50%糖 尿病 患者死于心 血管疾 病， 主要是心脏病和中风。

A novel point-of-care (POC) system supports better diagnosis

一台新颖的床旁(POC)系统有助于更好地诊断和监护处于糖尿病和 心 血管疾病高 度 风 险 的病 人， 其目的 是 防止 疾 病 进展。

That, as cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of deaths in Hong Kong, and medical research also reveals that consumption of food containing trans fats will increase the risk of contracting coronary [...] [...]

and given that some countries such as Denmark have legislated as early as 2003 to prescribe the permissible maximum level of trans fats in food, the use of artificial trans fats in food production in restaurants will also be gradually banned in places such as New York, Chicago and Massachusetts to safeguard public health, this Council urges the Government to follow the practice of these places to expeditiously legislate against the use of artificial trans fats in food production in local restaurants, to prescribe the permissible maximum level of trans fats for all imported and locally produced food, and to require the trans fats contents in food to be listed on the package labels for identification by consumers.

鑒於心血管疾病是本港第 二位最常見的致 命 疾病，而 醫學 研究亦指 出，食用含反式脂肪成分的食物會增加患冠 心 病 的風險， 有些 國家 例如丹 麥，早於 2003 年已經立法規定食物內反式脂肪含量的上限，亦有多個地區 例如紐約、芝加哥、麻省等，將陸續禁止食肆使用人造反式脂肪製造食物， 以保障市民健康，本會促請政府效法該等地區，從速制定法例，禁止本地食 肆使用人造反式脂肪製造食物，並為所有進口食品及本地製造食品所含反式 脂肪的含量設定上限，以及規定食品在包裝上必須列明反式脂肪的含量，以 [...]

[...] with an optimal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor profile, the lifetime risk estimate for CVD is greater than 30 percent, and is more than 50 percent for men and women overall, according to a study appearing in November 7 issue of JAMA, a theme issue on cardiovascular disease.

据发表在11月7日刊《美国医学会杂志》上的一项研究披露，即使是在具有最 佳心血管疾 病（ CVD） 风 险因子 概况 的男性和女性中，其终生性CVD风险的估算也会大于30%，而对男性和女性就整体而言，这一风险要超过5 0%；这是一期有 关心 血管 疾病 的专 刊。

According to the World Health Organization’s STEPwise approach to

in December 2007, 21.2 per cent of people suffer from hypertension; 4 per cent suffer from diabetes; 26 per cent are overweight; 4 per cent are obese; and 5 per cent smoke tobacco.

世界卫 生组织对 2007 年 12 月尼日尔开展的心血管病和糖尿 病致病因素监测调查所 采取的循序渐进监测法表明， 21.2%的人患有高血压；4%的人患有糖尿病；26%的人 [...]

The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB)

美国临床生化学会（NACB）关于心血 管疾病和 中风 新标志物的导则中也推荐脂蛋白（a）作为有心血 管疾病早发危 险家 族 史的 患者或发生心血管疾病中 度 危险的患 者的 检测项目，而不作为常规筛查项目。

Specific activities that assisted countries in relation to terrorism targeted at food products included: (a) capacity-building (training courses, projects) concerning food safety, animal and

work of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the International Plant Protection Convention; (c) the establishment of a Food Chain Crisis Management Framework for prevention, early warning, preparedness and response to food chain crises caused by transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases, food safety threats and emergencies, as well as nuclear and radiological threats and emergencies; and the organization of international forums to discuss biological risk management in relation to food and agriculture.