橢圓 英文

關於我們 | 政府網站資料開放宣告 | 個資法及隱私權聲明 |

線上人數: 397 累積使用人次:

橢圓 英文

Copyright © 2021 國家教育研究院 版權所有 建議最佳瀏覽螢幕解析度1920×1080 三峽總院區 地址:237201新北市三峽區三樹路2號 電話:(02)7740-7890 傳真:(02)7740-1170 臺北院區 地址:106011臺北市大安區和平東路一段179號 電話:(02)7740-7890 傳真:(02)7740-7849 臺中院區 地址:420081臺中市豐原區師範街67號 電話:(02)7740-7890 傳真:(04)7740-7949 網站服務:臺北院區語文教育及編譯研究中心

当然有关系,在古希腊语里面它们是完全相同的:ἔλλειψις, ὑπερβολή, παραβολή,在16世纪的新拉丁语中拼写为ellipsis, hyperbola, parabola,在18世纪以前的英语中有时直接采用新拉丁语的拼法,有时则写成ellipse, hyperbole, parabole,两种拼法混杂,不加区分。只是到了18世纪以后,英语才逐步固定下来用ellipsis, hyperbole, parabole表示省略、夸张、比喻,用ellipse, hyperbola, parabola表示椭圆、双曲线和抛物线,以示区别。

ἔλλειψις的主要意思是「短缺」「缺少」「不足」,来自动词ἐλλείπειν「留下」「剩下」「略去」(λείπειν是「离开」「留下」,ἐν-是起强化语意作用的动词前缀,在λ前面变形为ἐλ-)。
ὑπερβολή的主要意思是「超出」「过度」,来自动词ὑπερβάλλειν「扔过线」「射过头」(βάλλειν是「投掷」,ὑπερ是「超过」「在……以上」)。
(以上两词常作为一对反义词使用,例如柏拉图《政治家篇》283C-285C讨论「过度」与「不足」的含义,亚里士多德《尼各马可伦理学》1107a3说德性是「过度与不足的中项」,都是用这两个词。)
παραβολή的主要意思是「并置」「比较」「类比」,来自动词παραβάλλειν「扔在……的旁边」(παρα是「在……边上」「跟……肩并肩」),这个动词在几何学中又表示「在一条线段上画一个矩形」(也就是「把一个矩形跟一条线段对齐放置」)。

由于它们的主要用法是「缺少」「过度」和「类比」,所以它们先是被用在语法和修辞学中,分别表示「省略」「夸张」和「比喻」,在亚里士多德等人的著作中已经这么用了。[1]

而把它们用作三种圆锥截线的名称则是后来的事。阿波罗尼奥斯(Apollonius of Perga)在他的《圆锥截线论》第一卷定理11, 12, 13刻画了三种圆锥截线的一个重要特征性质,根据这一性质将它们分别命名为παραβολή, ὑπερβολή和ἔλλειψις,具体如下(没耐心看可以直接跳到图下面那段):

如图,有一个以A为顶点,圆BC为底面的圆锥。三角形ABC是过圆锥的轴的截面。用一个不与底面平行的平面去截圆锥,得到一条圆锥截线。设该平面与圆锥底面的交线DE跟BC垂直,并设该平面与平面ABC的交线为FG。则所得截线有三种情形:如果FG平行于AC,截线就是我们今天说的抛物线;如果FG与AC的反向延长线相交,截线就是双曲线的一支;如果FG与AC相交,截线就是椭圆。

阿波罗尼奥斯的上述三条定理说的是,从圆锥截线上每一点K到FG连一条线段KL平行于DE,可以证明,在上述三种情形中,线段KL跟线段FL之间各有一种确定的关系。这个关系可以通过在FL上画出的一个辅助矩形来表达,该矩形的另一条边FH按如下比例关系来确定:

对于FG平行于AC的情形,FH这样来确定:以BC为边的正方形与以AB和AC为边的矩形之比跟FH与FA之比相同(用今天的话来说就是:BC²/(AB∙AC) = FH/FA )。对于FG与AC或AC的反向延长线相交的情形,设交点为P,作AM平行于FG,交BC于M,然后这样来确定FH:以AM为边的正方形与以BM和CM为边的矩形之比跟FP与FH之比相同(用今天的话来说就是:AM²/(BM∙CM) = FP/FH )。[2]

橢圓 英文

这样定出FH之后,在FL上画出以FH为另一边的矩形,我们不妨称之为矩形1;再在FL上画一个矩形等于以KL为边的正方形,称之为矩形2。阿波罗尼奥斯证明,在FG平行于AC的情形中,对于每一个点K,矩形2就是矩形1,即矩形2恰好跟FH对齐,因此阿波罗尼奥斯把这种情形下的圆锥截线称为παραβολή。在FG与AC反向延长线相交的情形中,矩形2总是超出矩形1一块,因此阿波罗尼奥斯把这种情形下的圆锥截线称为ὑπερβολή。在FG与AC相交的情形中,矩形2总是比矩形1短少一块,因此阿波罗尼奥斯把这种情形下的圆锥截线称为ἔλλειψις。[3]这就是三种圆锥截线名称的由来。

今天中文里的椭圆、双曲线是根据形状命名,抛物线则是根据物理学的抛物运动轨迹命名,完全脱离了它们在希腊数学中的原本意思。朱恩宽等将其翻译成亏曲线、超曲线、齐曲线,也是不错的译法,更接近其原始含义。

------------------

参考

  1. ^「比喻」「省略」和「夸张」的例子分别见亚里士多德《修辞学》1393b3,1401b2和1413a22。
  2. ^此处的示意图仿照《圆锥截线论》中译本的图绘制。为便于观看,省去了证明过程中用到的辅助线,并更换了某些顶点的字母标注以便于统一叙述。参看2007年朱恩宽等翻译,陕西科技出版社出版的中译本: https://book.douban.com/subject/3018479/
  3. ^阿波罗尼奥斯还证明超出和短少的那一块矩形总是相似于以FH和FP为边的矩形。这三条定理至关重要,因为有了它们,就可以抛开圆锥,所有的圆锥截线都只需放在平面上处理。它们所刻画的这种性质被称为圆锥截线的「本原性质」(ἀρχικόν συμπτώμα),意思是说,这种性质虽然不是定义但可以起到定义的作用。直到解析几何发展成熟之前,数学家一直都是用这三条定理来判定平面上的一条曲线是不是圆锥截线以及是哪一种圆锥截线。 另外要顺带提醒注意的是,我们今天说的双曲线在古代几何学中被视为位置相对的两条曲线,两条都是ὑπερβολή,也就是说,ὑπερβολή只是今天说的双曲线的一支。

  • No Competition in a Rapidly Growing Global Market

    Investors sensing a soon-to-be blockbuster are making their move into this quiet company pioneering a point-of-care cardiac diagnostic solution. Market Tactic Ad

  • Support Memory and Focus with #1 Brain Magnesium

    Magtein® is a magnesium supplement clinically proven to cross the blood-brain barrier and enhance memory, focus and attention. Try risk free! Magceutics Ad

  • The Defining Film of Each Year From 2021-1945

    Do you remember these iconic films? New Arena Ad

  • 引用是格外迷人一塊紅金,手動上弦可見,通過透明 橢圓形 狀製造的運動動畫。

    zh.horloger-paris.com

    zh.horloger-paris.com

    A reference is especially charming

    [...]

    piece of red gold, animated by a movement with manual winding shape manufacturing

    [...] visible through the transparent oval.

    en.horloger-paris.com

    en.horloger-paris.com

    圓形,寓意完美,代表伯爵始終不渝地致力研發超薄機芯 橢圓形 卻又形狀獨特,寓意創新突破,如伯爵的無限創意巧思。

    piaget.com.hk

    piaget.com.hk

    The circle, a symbol of perfection, represents Piaget’s

    [...]

    dedication to the development of ultra-thin

    [...] movements, while the oval, a similar yet unique [...]

    shape, symbolizes Piaget’s innovation.

    piaget.com

    piaget.com

    實時顯示日晷,從日常橢圓形 軌道變化。

    zh.horloger-paris.com

    zh.horloger-paris.com

    Real time, displayed by sundials, varies from day to day

    [...] due to the elliptical shape of Earth's orbit.

    en.horloger-paris.com

    en.horloger-paris.com

    橢圓形比較麻煩的,因橢圓形 定位只有兩個可能的方向,而且要很細心地製成相配的外形以配上。

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    Oval mouths are functionally less efficient than circular ones [...]

    because the cork will only fit snugly in a maximum of two

    [...]

    orientations and must be more carefully fitted to the specific shape.

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    綠松石綠的半透明玻璃;平唇、平底,器腹作扁八角式,腹兩面皆雕由四扇形組成 橢圓形 ,中央尖如錐。

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    Translucent turquoise-green glass; with a flat lip and a flat foot; the two main sides with

    [...] raised, faceted oval panels surrounded [...]

    by further faceting

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    另外有意思的是橢圓形圓形唇的配合。

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    Another unusual feature is the

    [...] combination of an oval mouth with a circular lip.

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    自怡子也畫了五次傳世的黃忠內畫肖像,都在他所畫的肖像經常帶 橢圓形 之內。

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    Ziyizi painted five versions that we know of, all

    [...] shown within an oval frame, typical of [...]

    most of his portraits.

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    只是你,圖像S4的專屬柔軟而有彈性 橢圓形 自然適合您的耳道的輪廓,提供舒適的長期磨損,以及產生一個完美的聲學密封。

    zh-tw.samratbazaar.com.sg

    zh-tw.samratbazaar.com.sg

    Made just for you, the Image S4’s exclusive

    [...] soft and flexible oval ear tips naturally [...]

    fit the contours of your ear canals, providing

    [...]

    comfortable long-term wear as well as producing a perfect acoustic seal.

    samratbazaar.com.sg

    samratbazaar.com.sg

    如果這的想法大體上是對的,如果清代中葉的鼻煙壺一般掏膛完整或者非常完整,而粗糙的掏膛的十九世紀以後才來的趨勢,我們可以結推測,掏膛徹底的石料寶貴 橢圓形 煙壺大概是十九世紀前半葉製作的。

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    If we assume this general progression and link it to the belief that plain mid-Qing jade bottles tended to be well if not extremely well hollowed and that there was a tendency from probably the mid-nineteenth century onwards to more rudimentary hollowing, we can arrive at the tentative suggestion that a very well hollowed

    [...]

    plain jade bottle of a precious material

    [...] but of the flatter oval shape is likely [...]

    to date from the first half of the nineteenth century.

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    亞歷山大二世為妻子送上的銀婚紀念日禮物,是一條由九 橢圓形 組成的手鏈,手鏈繪有他自己和八名子女的肖像。

    news.gov.hk

    news.gov.hk

    A gift from Tsar Alexander II to his wife to

    [...]

    commemorate their 25th wedding anniversary was a bracelet

    [...] comprised of nine oval portraits of himself [...]

    and their eight children.

    news.gov.hk

    news.gov.hk

    橢圓形 置於圓形錶殼之中,而圓形刻度環又融 橢圓形 之內,營造 圓形 橢圓形 的和諧美態,達到視覺的極致平衡。

    piaget.com.hk

    piaget.com.hk

    Each dial has a circular chapter ring, creating a “round, oval, round” pattern emanating from the dial to the outside of the case, building [...]

    a powerful sense of visual equilibrium.

    piaget.com

    piaget.com

    (a) 如所用的選票是屬於在每名候選人姓名旁印 橢圓 形 特別設計那種,則投票人/獲授權代表須視 乎議席數目,選擇不超過這數目的候選人,把在所 選的候選人姓名旁橢圓形黑;或

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (a) when a specially designed ballot paper with ovals against the names of the candidates is used, the voter/AR should shade the ovals for the choice of candidates up to the number of vacancies to be filled; or

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    這個命令是刪除選擇的正方形(矩形)區域中 圓形 橢圓形

    mitcalc.com

    mitcalc.com

    The command removes the circle

    [...] (ellipse) shape from the selected square (rectangle) area.

    mitcalc.com

    mitcalc.com

    橢圓形 凹足底和像梅瓶的外形也是宮廷製品常見的特徵。

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    It also has a concave oval foot, which appears [...]

    on other palace bottles, although certainly not exclusively, and the form

    [...]

    is inspired by the meiping (‘prunus-blossom vase’) form so popular at court.

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    視覺受損的投票人可透過模板孔,塗滿所選的候選人編號旁橢圓形 使用獲提供的附有一個“3"號的印章(視乎情況而 [...]

    定 ),在其選擇的候選人編號旁的模板孔,按印章一下。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    The choice of candidate is made by the visually impaired

    [...] voter by shading the oval, or pressing the [...]

    chop with a “9” sign provided on the circle,

    [...]

    as the case may be, (through the holes on the template) against the candidate’s number.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    一看這件鼻煙壺壺身所刻的花瓣紋,好像應該是蓮瓣紋,但是瓣紋中刻的線條不像蓮瓣的紋理,花瓣也不呈現蓮瓣應有的矩圓 橢圓形

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    There is a general tendency to describe any formalized overlapping petal design of this type as lotus, but the accuracy of such a characterisation is called into question by this particular example, where the petals lack the more sharply pointed tips typical of the lotus, and the fine lines that normally stream from

    [...]

    the base of the lotus petal to its tip are replaced by a central

    [...] line with bisecting curved lines on either side of it.

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    其他設施包括:Forum(這 是 一 座

    [...] 外 形 典雅的 玻璃建 築 物,橢圓形氣勢不凡 ,自然 光 線 可 [...]

    穿 過全部 4個 樓層, 而 且 間 格 靈 活,可 舉辦各 式 各樣的活動);面 積 為 8萬 3 000平方米 的

    [...]

    戶 外 場 地,可 作為展覽場 地 或 舉辦特別活動之用 ; 可 提供5 400個 泊 車 位的 多 層 有 蓋停車 場;以及內設會議場 地、酒店及展覽場 地的會議中心。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    Other facilities include the Forum – an elegant glass construction

    [...] with a striking ellipsoid facade and natural [...]

    lighting through all four levels, providing

    [...]

    versatile space for a multitude of event possibilities, outdoor grounds of 83 000 sq m to be used as an exhibition area or for special events, a multi-storey covered car park offering 5 400 parking space, and the Congress Centre, which houses convention, accommodation and exhibition under one roof.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    形狀:鑽石最普遍是被切割圓形 橢圓形 形和心形。

    gubelingemlab.ch

    gubelingemlab.ch

    Shape: diamonds are most commonly

    [...] cut into round, oval, octagonal and heart shapes.

    gubelingemlab.ch

    gubelingemlab.ch

    以常設性建築而言,奧橢圓形 場位於溫哥華南側,運用許多回收素材,在一般人眼中,這些材料已失去用途與美感,屋頂使用以黃杉製成的木板,這種樹木深受近期松甲蟲病所害,不只是再利用受損木材 橢圓形 場更是溫哥華最著稱的體育相關設施。

    thisbigcity.net

    thisbigcity.net

    The roof incorporates plywood made from Douglas fir trees, the tree most devastated by recent beetle infestations, and does so in a way that isn’t simply reusing supposedly damaged goods: the Oval is the Vancouver area’s most stunning piece of sports-related architecture.

    thisbigcity.net

    thisbigcity.net

    看這件壺,我們可以了解到,早期的造辦處玻璃廠的玻璃鼻煙壺會有凸斂底 、扁圓腹、外撇口緣、平唇,精簡的圓 橢圓形

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    This compressed spherical form, together

    [...]

    with the flared neck, flat lip, and neatly

    [...] carved, rounded, oval footrim may all [...]

    be noted as probable early features of the imperial glassworks.

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    關鍵之一是,要確定哪些人真

    [...] 正瞭解競選情況,並且願意向你介紹情況─無 論是在競選旅程中還是橢圓形 室,同時 具備這兩點的人非常鮮見。

    americancorner.org.tw

    americancorner.org.tw

    The key is to identify sources who truly know what’s

    [...]

    going on in the campaign and who will share it with you, a rare combination both on

    [...] the campaign and in the Oval Office.

    americancorner.org.tw

    americancorner.org.tw

    全新的Gouverneur系列腕錶傳承了伯爵對超薄機芯的不懈追求,其獨特典雅的外形設計更是製錶史上的又一大膽突破:運 圓形 橢圓形 ,極具匠心地交疊排列出空前的美學結構。

    piaget.com.hk

    piaget.com.hk

    The new Gouverneur Collection not only inherits Piaget’s constant pursuit of ultra-thin movements, but also being another innovation by its special and elegant outlook.

    piaget.com

    piaget.com

    BeoLab 12

    [...] 內建的中央揚聲器配置於螢幕下方,經過陽極處理的鋁質面網採波浪狀的曲線設計,並佈滿 5000 個優雅橢圓形

    bang-olufsen.com

    bang-olufsen.com

    The integrated centre speaker is placed beneath the

    [...]

    screen. The anodised aluminium grill features a curving wave design that includes 5,000 holes

    [...] in an elegant elliptical shape.

    bang-olufsen.com

    bang-olufsen.com

    考慮唇是圓的橢圓形 其實沒甚麼必要,我們推測這個特點表示工匠草率而不是有意識的選擇。

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    Since the neck is round and there is no need to align a stopper with an oval lip, this feature [...]

    may again represent carelessness rather than choice.

    e-yaji.com

    e-yaji.com

    (a) 以「香港瑰寶」為主題 ,設計區內有 ㆒ 座 直 線型的 低矮建築物橫跨 整 區,與 數橢圓形物互相襯 托 ;以及 藝廊、展覽 館和劇場,並有 ㆒間圖書 館和㆒條藝術 村 。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (a) a design theme of “a Jewel in the Fragrant Harbour” with a low-rise linear structure spanning across the entire site, interpolated with several elliptical buildings; and

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    在 2000 年 8 月 的 一 次 例 行 檢 查中, 路 政 署 發 現 第 42 號 軸 承的軸 承 墊 有一層 薄膠 向外擠 出;擠 出 的 部 分在一個月內形成,橢圓 形約 250 毫 米 。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    During a routine maintenance inspection in August 2000, squeezing out of a thin layer of plastic material from a bearing pad was observed in bearing No. 42.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    一款充滿神奇魔力的腕錶,以不同的時尚風格表達不同的願望和心境,優雅 橢圓形 錶殼密鑲美鑽,綻放出無與倫比的璀璨光芒,旋轉錶殼則令人賞心悅目……Magic [...]

    Hour腕錶以其大膽創新和優雅瑰麗的造型,讓每個瞬間都散發出迷人魅力。

    piaget.com.hk

    piaget.com.hk

    The magic of a dial that changes its face to reflect its owner's desires,

    [...]

    the unparalleled brilliance of diamonds

    [...] set in the elegant oval of a white-gold [...]

    case and the visual enchantment of a rotating

    [...]

    case... The Magic Hour watch toys boldly and elegantly with time in a precious version that renders each instant deliciously captivating.

    en.piaget.com

    en.piaget.com